Which of the following best describes the ethical considerations in using biological specimens?

The ethical considerations in using biological specimens are fundamentally rooted in the principle of respecting subjects' autonomy and ensuring informed consent. This principle emphasizes that individuals have the right to make informed decisions regarding their participation in research, particularly when it involves their biological materials.

To uphold autonomy, researchers must provide clear information about what the biological specimens will be used for, the potential risks involved, and how the data will be managed and shared. Informed consent is a process that enables participants to understand and voluntarily agree to the use of their specimens while having the right to withdraw consent at any time.

While aspects such as potential risks to subjects, the benefit-to-risk ratio, and the financial implications may be pertinent to research integrity and design, they do not encapsulate the essence of ethical considerations regarding biological specimens as directly as the need to respect autonomy and consent.