What could be a potential risk for subjects lacking cognitive capacity in a research study?

In research studies, subjects who lack cognitive capacity may face significant ethical challenges, particularly regarding voluntary participation and informed consent. These individuals may not fully comprehend the nature of the study, its risks, or their right to withdraw, which raises concerns about coercion. If participants cannot understand the implications of their participation or are in a vulnerable state, they may feel pressured to participate against their better judgment or independent choice. This makes it crucial for researchers to ensure that safeguards are in place to protect these individuals, ensuring that their participation is truly voluntary and based on adequate understanding.

While other options highlight relevant issues, they do not directly address the specific ethical implications related to cognitive capacity. For example, maintaining confidentiality is an important aspect of research ethics, but it tends to be a general concern for all participants rather than a unique risk for those lacking cognitive ability. Similarly, having a lack of a representative sample and the possibility of adverse health effects are significant considerations in research design and safety but do not specifically relate to the ethical concerns surrounding informed consent and coercion for those with cognitive limitations.