Are pregnant women, fetuses, and neonates considered vulnerable subjects in research?

Pregnant women, fetuses, and neonates are indeed considered vulnerable subjects in research due to the potential for increased risks and ethical considerations surrounding their participation. This classification arises from various factors, including their physiological conditions, the potential impact of research interventions on fetal and neonate health, and the ethical implications of obtaining consent.

The vulnerability stems from a combination of factors such as the physical and psychological changes during pregnancy, the developmental stage of fetuses and neonates, and the ethical complexities of conducting research on populations that may not be able to provide informed consent independently. Safeguards and additional ethical protections are implemented to ensure their rights and welfare are prioritized in research studies.

In contrast, other options imply limitations or exclusions that do not take into account the broader categorization of these groups as vulnerable subjects regardless of specific circumstances like clinical trials or pre-existing health conditions. Thus, recognizing pregnant women, fetuses, and neonates as vulnerable populations is essential in maintaining ethical standards in biomedical research.